Do Gemstones Break? Can a Diamond Break? Info About Gem Hardness

If you hit a diamond with a hammer, it’ll shatter into a dozen pieces. If you hit a piece of quartz with a hammer, it’ll split in two. If you hit a piece of jade with a hammer, it’ll ring like a bell!

That's an old jeweler's saying.   We all know that diamonds are the hardest gemstones.  So can a genuine diamond really shatter?  What if it's dropped onto the floor?  What about other gemstones?

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I read in the Amazon forums that a buyer felt that their gemstone necklace was "fake" because the stone broke when she dropped it onto her tile floor!   She felt that only something that was glass would break from dropping it onto a hard floor.  She expected a refund, and the jewelry seller sought advice from other Amazon sellers, most of whom aren't jewelers.  Some of the responses were in favor of the buyer (they "didn't know if genuine gems would ever break"), and others in favor of the seller.  So I thought I'd write about gemstones, their hardness, and their wearability.
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OVERALL DURABILITY OF GEMS

The "hardness" of a gem is only one factor in determining a gemstone's durability.  Gemologists take into consideration other factors:  ability to withstand heat, light, chemical exposure (household cleaners etc.), and humidity, stone treatments, gem cleavage, and even the cut of a gem.  So gemstones are evaluated by (1) hardness; (2) toughness; and (3) stability. All of these factors should be weighed when deciding which gemstone is right for you.

WHAT IS GEMSTONE HARDNESS?

This is a really misunderstood and confusing term.  In gemology, the word "hardness" has a different meaning---it simply means the ability to resist scratches and abrasions, and nothing more!  So really the hardness of a gem is measured by its "scratchability".

In the early 1900s, Freidrich Mohs developed a scale from 1-10 to describe minerals' ability to be scratched, with 1 being the softest and 10 the hardest.  This is known as the Mohs Scale of Hardness.  All gems are rated between 1-10 but the Mohs scale uses the following gems as an example:

Quartz Geode

Glass is about 5.5 on the Mohs scale so anything harder can scratch glass (not just a diamond!) including a CZ or quartz.  Only a diamond can scratch itself and all other gemstones.  The most important number on this scale is 7--quartz.  Why? Because quartz is the most common mineral on earth, and tiny flecks of quartz are constantly airborne (all the little specks of "dust" in the air are mostly quartz particles!) and so any gem with a lower Mohs grade than 7 will be easily scratched just by dust!   This is why it's advisable to rinse your jewelry off under water before rubbing it with a cloth--to avoid scratching it.

Each one of these minerals can scratch the one below it, and can be scratched by the one above it.    And the scale isn't linear, but is relative----Corundum (9) is twice as hard as topaz (8), and diamond (10) is four times as hard as corundum.  And with the mineral Kyanite, the hardness can vary within one crystal from 4 to 7.5!

There are also many minerals that are rated halfway between numbers, such as tourmaline which can range from 7.0 to 7.5.

GEMSTONE TOUGHNESS

This is the ability of a gem to resist breaking and chipping. 

Nephrite Jade--VERY Tough!

There is a Gemstone Fracture Toughness  Scale that measures the work required to separate a gemstone along a cleavage plane.   Values run from 600 (corundum) to 225,000 for nephrite jade.  Diamonds are rated at about 5,000-8,000.   A diamond is the hardest gemstone on the Mohs scale, but is also brittle.  The steel of a hammer won't scratch the diamond, but hitting it with the hammer will shatter it.  Daily wear of a diamond, with all the things the diamond will rub against and clunk against, over time will scratch the stone.  "Wearability" (also referred to as "toughness" or "durability") is the degree in which a gem will show wear.   Gems with a hardness of 6 (such as Opal) will quickly loose their polish due to tiny scratches over time.

Gems softer than Quartz (7) will lose their polish just from simply cleaning it over time.  Gems with a Mohs rating of 7 and up are considered very wearable a suitable for everyday wear.  Wearability is graded as Excellent, Very Good, Good, and Poor. Opals have a "Poor" wearability rating, which means it should be saved for special occasions or set in protective settings.

Opals--3% to 21% Water!

So.....a gemstone's "durability" is a function of its resistance to scratches (hardness) + resistance to breakage (toughness) + other special properties such as cleavage planes (or in the case of jade that "rings like a bell" mentioned at the top---an interlocking structure that makes it very tough.)   Certain gemstone cuts, like marquise, are more prone to chipping, as are gems that are loose in their settings.

GEMSTONE STABILITY

Just because a gem is hard doesn't always mean its wearability is "excellent."  Some gems are sensitive to chemicals, temperature changes, or even sweat!

Diamond cracked by thermal shock

Diamonds are very stable, but can also break when exposed to extreme temperature changes. "Thermal shock" is the term that describes the damage that can occur from extreme temp changes.

Some gems are vulnerable to humidity changes.  Opals can lose their moisture in dry conditions and crack.  Some gems can absorb water---malachite, amber and azurite.

Citrine, Amethyst, Prasiolite

Some gemstones can change or lose their color when exposed to light---amethyst, citrine, prasiolite, kunzite and topaz can fade when exposed to prolonged sunlight.  Organic gems can be ruined if exposed to prolonged light and heat---amber, coral, pearls, jet, and ivory.  Enamel can also be ruined when exposed to heat.

Chlorine and perfumes and makeup are chemicals that can also damage or discolor some gems, such as pearls.  Chlorine can also damage gold mountings!   Ammonia will damage the shine on turquoise, malachite, and coral.  Turquoise can easily absorb all sorts of oils and chemicals.

GEMSTONE TREATMENTS

Fracture-Filled Emerald

Some gems are coated. Some are facture-filled which can be damaged from heat and exposure to heat or solvents, like alcohol, or damaged from ultrasonic cleaning.






CONCLUSION

Gemstone hardness alone isn't a measure of a gem's toughness or wearability.  There are many other factors to determine how well a particular gem will wear over time.

So regarding that woman's assertion that "only a fake gem would break"--- she is WRONG.  Any gemstone can break when dropped onto a hard surface like a tile floor, including a diamond.   Some manmade stones, such as the Cubic Zirconia with a Mohs hardness of 8 or 8.5 or Moissanite with a Mohs hardness of 9.25, will resist scratches and chips better than most other gemstones.

Most gemologists or great websites such as the GIA will list each gemstone's Mohs rating, plus wearability grades.

It's important to always treat your gemstone jewelry with care---don't drop it, bump it, or wear while swimming or doing housework or working around chemicals.  Keep jewelry clean and safe while not wearing it.  Keep your jewelry in a jewelry box, away from other pieces of jewelry so they don't bump each other. Make sure any prongs are secure and stones aren't loose.  This will ensure that your fine jewelry will remain beautiful and last for generations.

"Opalite" Opal Simulant, Kyocera "Opals"---Not Really Opals

Someone read my blog post about the glass "opalite" that I've written about HERE.   They commented about a synthetic (created) Opal that is sold as opalite, and how it wasn't glass.  I responded, but I thought I'd write a little about it here also.

Back in the 1970s or early '80s, a Japanese company was manufacturing a plastic simulated opal and called it "opalite".  They had claimed it was a cultured opal, or lab-grown opal.  In the jewelry world, the word "synthetic" doesn't mean "fake"---it means a gemstone that is cultured that has the SAME chemical, physical and optical properties as its natural counterpart.  This would mean that a synthetic gemstone (such as synthetic ruby or sapphire, for example) is IDENTICAL to a mined gem, but would be flawless.

Plastic Opalite from GIA (1989)

In the 1980s, the GIA (Gemological Institute of America) did some tests on this "opalite" Opal product.  It was found to be PLASTIC, not an opal, and was identical to a lot of other simulated opal products found. 





Per the GIA: 

"A plastic imitation opal that shows true play-of-color was advertised as "new" and offered for sale under the trade name "Opalite" at the Gem and Lapidary Dealers Association (GLDA) Tucson show in February 1988. Subsequent gemological testing proved that this material was virtually identical to the plastic imitation opal previously described in the literature that was known to be manufactured in Japan. It is now being marketed worldwide under a new name"

HERE is a link to the pdf file from 1989 that is interesting to read, and has all the findings.

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Tested by GIA--NOT synthetic

Now, a Japanese company is manufacturing a Kyocera "opal" that is also NOT a true synthetic opal.  It is manufactured in blocks. It does NOT have the same chemical and physical properties of a genuine Opal and is therefore not a synthetic or cultured opal----it is a simulated opal.  A "simulated" gem (in this case Opal) is just something that is made to LOOK LIKE a gemstone---it's not a synthetic, which is grown and IS a gem, although manmade. 

Blocks of *simulated* opal --- not genuine Opal

HERE is a very interesting article from the GIA regarding Kyocera opals---no longer marketed as "opalite" by the way.  The conclusion in those findings is that the Kyocera opals are just simulants, not synthetics.  In other words, they are NOT opals.

While looking at images of Kyocera simulated opals, I found that there is a jewelry designer that is selling this simulated opal as "Kyocera opal" set in base metals (plated brass) for premium prices.  Buyer beware---a higher price tag gives the illusion of quality (basic Marketing 101) but doesn't mean it's genuine.    Here are some examples of the colors of SIMULATED (not real!) opals used:

None of these are opals---all are Kyocera SIMULATED Opals

This is considered "fashion jewelry" or "costume jewelry", not fine jewelry which incorporates genuine gems set in precious metals (gold, silver, plastinum). 

OPALITE GLASS

Opalite Glass--NOT a gem

In the early 1990s or around the time that this particular "opalite" opal was tested and confirmed to be just plastic, manufacturers in Hong Kong began making an iridescent glass that was known as "opalite glass".  Sellers seem to have forgotten the word "glass" in describing this material now, which is why I've written about it several times.  Current "Opalite" products sold are IRIDESCENT GLASS, and nothing more. 

Opalite has an iridescent glow that changes color when held against a dark or a light background.  It's more blue against darker colors, and more golden or pink against light colors.

Opalite--note the color changes

Another blogger concludes that this isn't even glass, but is plastic with cellophane inside!  Perhaps that's true, and some are plastic, but the ones I've seen in person have been glass.  Either way---NOT a gem!

The same designer I mentioned above who sells simulated Kyocera opals, is also selling Opalite.  Here's a great example of how colorless this glass (plastic?) is against a light background:

Opalite (glass) earrings---not gems